The term structured water appears in early 20th Century writings referencing Victor Schauberger as an observer of moving natural water such as a stream increasing the viability of water in plants and humans and Albert Szent-Gyorgyi a physicist and chemist who early on postulated (accurately as recently
proven) water with a liquid crystalline structure enhanced by light (photon) energy. Other scientists and keen observers by the dozens realized that such water felt smoother, made plants flourish and produce larger and higher quality yields.
The definition of exactly what this special water consisted of was not pursued as much as means to take standard tap water and replicate natures effects on it by utilizing vortexes, crystals of various minerals, magnetic fields, the Golden (Fibonacci) Ratio, egg shaped glass vessels, colored lights, acoustic waves, etc.. Nothing harmful being done but the true process and the definition was missed entirely.
In 2013 a brilliant and of equal importance an unconventionally inquisitive biomedical engineering professor at the University of Washington named Dr. Gerald H. Pollack published The Fourth Phase Of Water. The book is a summary of years of study and scientific testing on an unusual phase of water that we are convinced is the long sought structure of water. This water occurs naturally in limited quantities in the right environment simply by the action of photons as supplied by sunlight and infrared energy.
This water consists of a hexagonal shaped array of water (H2O) molecules occupying a plane. During its production some hydrogen (H+) ions are displaced so that additional hex planes of water molecules can stack upon one another with every other plane being horizontally slightly offset so that the planes
ionically bond to one another as the stack grows. The longer the stack (structure) grows and the more stacks there are the higher the percentage of structured water. The missing hydrogen (H+) from the structured columns ends up in the surrounding water where it combines with H2O to form H3O
(hydronium). The removal of hydrogen slightly raises the pH of the structures and increases the oxygen percentage. Additionally, the structures become more dense (increased specific gravity) than regular water and because of the plane to plane bonding and quite probably stack to stack bonding also the
viscosity increases. Summed up, structured water is denser (more of it in a drop), more viscous (said to be more like intercellular water), richer in oxygen percentage, increased surface tension and a naturally raised pH.
Producing this water actually consists of giving nature a boost. The first thing to accomplish is to reduce the TDS as much as possible because the presence of dissolved solids disrupts structural formation. So a reverse osmosis unit preferably with a TDS polishing filter is the starting point. Added should be vortexes
for memory erasure, crystals for imparting frequencies and magnetic fields constructed to the Golden Ratio. This preparatory water is placed into pressurized storage until water is withdrawn from the RO faucet. On its way to the faucet the water passes through the Patent Pend. STRUCTURED WATER CELL. To convert the RO water to structured water requires exposing the water in sheets on super hydrophillisity surfaces. The water on the surface must maintain a contact angle of near zero. Infrared energy at 850nm wave length produced by multiple LED emitters is applied and is aided with titanium dioxide reflective surfaces to maximize structural growth. The energy source (less than 5 watts) is always on, so there is a large buildup of structured water between uses of water. The process works in the absence of power input, but more slowly utilizing ever present infrared energy only. Data is incomplete on how long the structures maintain their integrity, so consumption is recommended as soon as possible.
Virtually all products currently being offered primarily on line include everything from modified food blenders to blown glass funnels to cylinders containing plastic balls. Efficacy of structured water production is claimed based on its feel, smoothness, wetness, etc. All good but nothing measurable offered. The science behind our system is based on actual measurements of surface tension using the Du Nouy ring method with a tensiometer, density measurement by isothermal weight/ volume comparisons and viscosity by the falling ball technique as related to Stokes Law. Capillary rise techniques using meniscus shape and level changes are avoided because recent studies question their validity.
Before going into detail on how magnets affect water, it is important to understand the water molecule (H2O or H-O-H).
The water compound molecule has two physical characteristics that separate it from virtually all of nature’s other compound molecules. (1) It expands when frozen and (2) there is a 104.45o inclusive angle between the 2 hydrogen atoms as opposed to a 109.50 angle (called the BOND ANGLE) that theoretically is “correct”. These 2 characteristics are related because the bond angle encourages water to cluster in hexagonal clusters (see our white paper on Structured Water) and when freezing occurs, these clusters create voids which take up more space than liquid water. When reading in detail about bond angles and freezing it’s not unusual to encounter the word phenomena.
The studies published in The Fourth Phase of Water by Dr. George Pollack and a 2016 publication by the Oak Ridge National Lab titled The Fourth State of Water both explaining the effects applied energy has on the properties of water. In Dr. Pollack’s work, energy was applied via heat, light, electricity and infrared and the water super hexagonal clustered (structured), released protons (hydrogen), created hydronium (H3O) in adjacent water and became denser. The Oak Ridge experiment applied synthetic emerald forming ultra-high pressures to water. This resulted in a quantum physics change to the hydrogen/oxygen bond referred to as tunneling – a proof of energy response but as a topic it is beyond the understanding of this author except to say that this water also formed in hexagonal clusters. Perhaps the most understood experiment involving energy applied to water is hydrolysis. This is often conducted in high school physics classes by placing 2 wires spaced about ½ inch apart and covered by inverted glass test tubes into a beaker of tap water. When a DC voltage in excess of 1.5 volts is applied, the water begins to separate into their distinct atomic components of oxygen and hydrogen which are both gasses and collect in their respective test tubes—oxygen at the positive (anode) wire and hydrogen at the negative (cathode) wire. This experiment is also used in demonstrating the electrical conductivity of water.
With knowledge based on numerous experiments that water reacts to various forms of energy input, let’s explore what affect permanent magnets can have on water.
A permanent magnet has a field that eminates from one end (pole) and circles around in elliptical lines to the other end (pole). These are called lines of flux and the stronger the magnet, the more lines there are and the further out from the magnet they can be measured. The 2 poles of a linear magnet are named North N and South S and it’s known that with 2 magnets in proximity to one another N & S are attracted to one another while N to N and S to S placements repel one another. Further, it’s known that by placing 2 magnets each with N and S poles and placed N to S and held apart with minimal spacing a strong field of magnetic force field exists between the two. Additionally, by encompassing the outside of the magnets with a ferromagnetic material, the field between the two magnets can be 8X as strong as that of a single magnet.
Although there appears to be no actual test of water after dangling a permanent magnet in a volume of water, intuitively we would suspect that little if anything to happen to the water. Therefore, let’s explore passing the water between the magnetic field described above. To do this one needs to review a basic premise in electrical engineering and physics that by rotating a wire (electrical conductor) between N & S magnets (magnetic field), electrons in the conductor material are induced to move in a prescribed direction which by definition is an electrical current – energy. The moving water replaces wire and becomes the conductor in what is essentially a direct current (DC) generator – wouldn’t Nikola Tesla be happy. A more powerful generator, either AC or DC, relies on 2 energy sources. One is the motor or turbine spinning the wire (conductor) and the other is the magnetic field supplied by permanent magnets or coils powered by battery or parasitic power from the generator itself. The 2 powers making our low power generator work are whatever (pump or gravity) moving the water (conductor) and the permanent magnet field. Both are converting mechanical energy to electrical energy.
The energy from a generator is expressed by Faraday’s law as EMF = v x B x L x sin A where
EMF = Electro Motive (or Magnetic) Force or Volts (V) output
v = the velocity of the conductor in meters/sec.
B = magnetic field strength in gauss as measured with a gauss meter
L = length of conductor in meters
A = the angularity of the conductor relative to the magnetic field. It is 900 in our units and sin 90= 1
Volts represent potential energy and in many discussions, volts are simply called potential.
If we applied the well established RIGHT HAND RULE to the conductor (water) in a sketch of the system, we will determine that current flow (I) is from the inlet (becomes the positive pole) to the water in the magnetic field to the outlet (becomes the negative pole) of the water in the magnetic field. We now have a kinetic electrical circuit.
By applying Ohms law which is V=IR and determining the R (resistance) of the water column in ohms by measurement with an ohmmeter or by calculation using a TDS meter we can solve I = V/R for the value of I in amps.
To then determine power supplied to the water in watts (W) using the formula W=VA. We know the measurement will be in the milliwatt range.
If approximately 1.5 volts (V) = (current (I) x resistance (R) breaks the hydrogen / oxygen bond completely (see hydrolysis above), it’s hypothesized that the small current and resulting voltage in the described process will disrupt the bond to some extent liberating hydrogen and forming hydronium. This actually describes EZ water as identified and explained in detail by Dr. H. Pollack in his book referenced above. We refer to it in our literature as Structured Water.
The energy effect is amplified as the energy level increases which is proportional to the conductivity of the conductor (water). Effect is therefore minimal at low conductivity water such as distilled water (actually a good insulator) and is best with brackish water.
One of the primary applications for magnetically treated water is crop watering with brackish well water. This water poorly penetrates plants resulting in low growth and poor yields. The reason the untreated water is behaving poorly is failure of much of the water and nutrients to reach the extremities of plants through the internal capillary channels in plants called the xylem system. The capillary action is actually more involved than the descriptions in many texts and is reliant on the transfer of protons (hydrogen) from the water and the creation of hydronium as discussed above. As an aside, while studying the topic, I learned that Isaac Newton is said to have postulated the effect of static electricity on capillary action in the 18th century. Once treated, the water produces a demonstrable improvement to crops even with less water being used.
Interestingly, there are many available university level studies on magnetically treated water and improvement of crops with almost all conducted in China and other Asian countries. Also, though the studies document crop improvement and changes in water properties, none found ventured what actually changed the water as we have attempted to do.
Next is a release of a line of devices to magnetically treat water based on science and engineering by Dime Water, Inc.
1. WHAT IS BORON?
It is a naturally occurring element with the chemical symbol B. The Periodic Table of the Elements refers to it as element number 5 which is its atomic number or AN. This tells us that there are 5 positively charged protons with an assigned weight of 1 each in the core of a Boron atom surrounded by 5 negatively charged, weightless electrons in orbit around the core. The like number of positively and negatively charged particles cancel one another so the boron atom, as all atoms in the table, have a zero electrical charge. Joining the protons in the core are 6 neutrally charged particles aptly called neutrons. They have an assigned weight of 1 each or 6 total which when added to the 5 of protons gives a total weight of 11 for boron. This is referred to its molecular weight or MW.
Boron is a very sparse element in the earths crust and is found primarily as boric acid {B(OH)3} or borate {B(OH)4-} compounds and never in its elemental form. Once laboratory isolated into elemental form, boron is an extremely hard, black material not totally unlike its chemical cousin carbon with its AW of 6 and MW of 12. Major accumulations of boron mineral compounds are found in Turkey, Russia and Northern California. Boron compounds are very soluble in water so after eons of time, sea water now contains an average of 4.5 mg/l (4-1/2 pounds in 110,000 gallons). As a result of seawater evaporation and intrusion into ground water over the ages, boron can be found in trace amounts virtually everywhere with typical values in water of 0.5 mg/l or less. Higher values are seen in areas with high ground mineral deposits.
2. WHAT IS BORON USED FOR?
- Making high temperature, dimensionally stable glass
- Making extremely strong rare earth magnets
- Making high power density, rechargeable batteries
- Strengthening metal alloys
- Making certain cleaning and bleaching compounds
- As a soil additive for certain crops
- As dietary supplement
3. HOW DOES BORON IN WATER REACT WITH HUMANS?
Boron is an essential micronutrient necessary in our systems as it works in concert with vitamin D to increases our bodies ability to assimilate calcium for bone, tooth and brain tissue health. The best natural sources are dark green leafy vegetables, non-citrus fruits, dried fruits and tree nuts. There is also a correlation between boron levels in the body and the levels hormones especially of estrogen and testosterone which ultimately slows bone deterioration due to osteoporosis. Currently, the NIH is studying links between boron and effective cancer treatment by certain protocols.
Most information on the topic suggests a maximum intake of 3 milligrams daily. The USEPA does not have a mandated maximum level in drinking water, but has a suggested maximum level of 3 PPM for healthy adults and 2 PPM for children. The World Health Organization (WHO) has an established maximum of 2.4 PPM. California has a state-mandated limit of 1 PPM (expressed as 1,000 ug/l) and a number of other state drinking water regulations call for limits from 0.6 to 1.0 PPM.
Excess boron will affect people differently, but common reactions include nausea, indigestion, vomiting, headache and diarrhea. High levels over a long time can lead to rashes, hair loss and kidney damage. Fatal doses occur at 15-20 grams (15,000 to 20,000 mg)
4. HOW DOES BORON REACT WITH PLANTS?
Apparently, there is carryover of boron (as boric acid) in air over oceans and seas and this becomes the Jonny Appleseed propagation of boron in soil at a rate estimated in millions of tons annually. Typical soil levels of boron in soil vary from 5 to 80 PPM and are location and sea proximity dependent.
The extremely low level of boron required for optimum plant vitality is a classic example of Liebig’s Law of Minimums which in plant applications states that unless a minimum level of a key micronutrient is provided, growth is compromised regardless of feeding excess amounts of other nutrients. With adequate boron levels in the soil combining with microorganisms, calcium and phosphorus in particular are more effectively used by plants. Boron in the irrigation water is additive to the boron in the soil. Overall, proper boron levels combined with other minerals, nutrients and adequate water will produce plants with healthier cell walls, non-browning leaves, more rapid growth, better water transport throughout the plant and more productive seed and flower growth.
In some cases, higher levels of boron in the soil and/or irrigation water becomes too much of a good thing. The plants exposed to excess levels of boron for their species exhibit slower, stunted growth, browning of leaves and flowers and poor-quality fruit. It’s known that photosynthesis is inhibited by excess boron, but beyond that, the precise reason for plant damage by excess boron remains elusive in 2021.
5. IF BORON LEVELS ARE TOO HIGH FOR PLANTS, WHAT CAN BE DONE?
If it is a soil contamination issue, leach with low/no boron water from a river or lake repeatedly until soil samples from beneath the crop root level tests low enough to be satisfactory.
If boron is in the water above a safe level for the intended species of plant, Dime Water, Inc. can be of help. Boron has a very low surface energy which makes it virtually impossible to remove with standard reverse osmosis, so variants of seawater (desal) R.O. units must be employed with varying levels of success. The water waste, high energy use, high CAPEX and OPEX makes this a less than acceptable method in most cases. We therefore have developed a unique, regenerable filter with a medium that is selective to boron, is 90% plus water efficient and has a fraction of CAPEX and OPEX.
